论文快递: 第二百零一期
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本期为“论文快递”栏目的第二百零一期，将介绍 Urban Studies Curret Issue的五篇论文。主题包括城市生态现代主义，应对气候变化与去增长，住房去增长，东南亚的去增长经验，交通情境中的去增长，欢迎阅读。
01
Beyond urban ecomodernism: How can degrowth-aligned spatial practices enhance urban sustainability transformations
超越城市生态现代主义：与去增长相关的空间实践如何促进城市可持续性转型
AbstractFor spatial practices such as architecture, urban design and planning, degrowth remains an abstract concept, as there is no clear alignment of its principles into spatial strategies. To bridge this gap, this paper examines how degrowth can be operationalised into sustainable spatial practices. Through a review of more than 200 sustainable spatial projects across the world operating at the building, neighbourhood and citywide scales, the paper shows that while the majority of sustainable interventions representative of dominant architecture and urban design culture do not align to degrowth principles, a significant number of examples using sustainability strategies such as convivial technologies, building retrofitting, urban renaturation and revitalisation, eco-urbanisation and spatial infrastructure upgrading are in fact aligned to degrowth principles. We suggest that these examples form a potential stepping-stone to enable an urban design and building culture rooted in a degrowth agenda, however further research and conceptualisation are needed to enable this to happen.
对于建筑、城市设计和规划等空间实践来说，去增长仍然是一个抽象概念，因为其原则与空间策略没有明确的结合。为了弥合这一差距，本文研究了如何将去增长有效操作，使之成为可持续的空间实践。通过考查全球 200 多个在建筑、社区和城市范围内运营的可持续空间项目，本文表明，虽然大多数代表主流建筑和城市设计文化的可持续干预措施不符合去增长原则，但相当多的使用可持续性战略的例子，如共生技术、建筑改造、城市复兴和振兴、生态城市化和空间基础设施升级，实际上都符合去增长原则。我们认为，这些例子构成了一个可能会使城市设计和建筑文化植根于去增长议程的中间步骤，但是还需要进一步的研究和概念化来实现这一点。
architecture, degrowth, ecomodernism, urban design, urban sustainability transformation, urban theory
原文地址https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221148107
02
Scaling-up degrowth: Re-imagining institutional responses to climate change
扩大去增长：重新构想应对气候变化的制度
Abstract
Focusing on the United Nations’ Agenda 2030 and the New Urban Agenda, this commentary suggests that by engaging with degrowth, these mainstream policies can potentially provide alternative ecological values as climate responses. In turn, degrowth can also benefit from engaging with the multiple scales and sectors of these institutions for climate and planning practice. However, such multi-scalar engagements demand a repoliticisation of institutional and professional routines, processes and procedures.
Keywords
Buen Vivir, climate change, degrowth, planning, resilience
美好生活 (Buen Vivir)，气候变化，去增长，规划，韧性
03
An empirical test of measures of housing degrowth: Learning from the limited experience of England and Wales, 1981–2011
住房去增长措施的实证检验：从英格兰和威尔士的有限经验中学习，1981-2011
AbstractThis article builds on the concept of ‘degrowth’ to create an experimental, measurable definition of ‘housing degrowth’, which can be applied to the 99% of households in mainstream housing. Like ‘degrowth’, housing degrowth runs against housing policy which has assumed that more housing is good. The article explores whether measurement of housing degrowth is possible with existing data, and whether any housing degrowth has occurred in the existing pro-growth housing system in England and Wales. Building on Kallis et al., ‘housing degrowth’ is defined as a reduction of the total resources going into housing production and use, without an increase in inequality or a loss of wellbeing. First, using the total number of rooms as a proxy, over 1981–2011, England and Wales experienced significant increases in embodied CO2 (from housing construction, maintenance and disposal). Only a handful of areas experienced reductions, even in resources per person, and in these, inequality increased, and some had very little space per person for the worst-off, likely to harm wellbeing. Second, estimated data on direct CO2 production by homes in use 2008–18 showed a reduction, which was equitable between income and tenure groups. However, the poorest were hit hardest by rising energy costs, likely to have depressed wellbeing, again failing the degrowth definition. In conclusion, assessing broad trends in housing degrowth is possible, even with imperfect data. Future intentional degrowth appears possible, but will need more political justification, changes to incentives and regulation, and a focus on those worst-off.
摘要
本文基于“去增长””的概念，创建了一个实验性强的、操作性高的新定义—“住房去增长”，此定义适用于99%的主流住房家庭。与“去增长”一样，住房去增长与住房政策背道而驰，后者认为更多的住房是好的。本文深入探讨了利用现有数据是否可以测量住房去增长，以及英格兰和威尔士现有的促进增长的住房体系中是否出现了住房去增长。基于凯利斯 (Kallis) 等人的研究，“住房去增长”被定义为在不增加不平等或福利损失的情况下，用于住房生产和使用的总资源减少。首先，以住房总数为例，在1981年至2011年期间，英格兰和威尔士的内含CO2显著增加（来自住房建设、维护和处置）。只有少数几个地区的人均资源减少，而在这些地区，不平等加剧，有些地区的人均空间很小，可能会损害福利。第二，2008-2018年使用中家庭直接CO2产量的估计数据显示了减少，而且在收入和保有权群体之间是公平的。然而，最贫困人口受到能源成本上涨的打击最为严重，这可能会降低福利，再次未能达到去增长的定义。总而言之，即使数据不完善，也有可能评估住房去增长的总体趋势。未来的有意去增长似乎是可能的，但需要更多的政治理由、激励和监管的改变，以及关注那些最弱势的群体。
Keywords degrowth, energy efficiency, economic growth, housing development, housing space
关键词
去增长，能源效率，经济增长，住房开发，住房空间
04
Spatialising degrowth in Southern cities: Everyday park-making for (un)commoning
发展中国家的空间化去增长：日常（不）共享公园的建设
Manisha Anantharaman（美国加州圣玛丽学院）
Marlyne Sahakian（瑞士日内瓦大学）
Czarina Saloma（菲律宾马尼拉雅典耀大学）
首次出版时间：2023/2/12｜研究论文
Abstract
Answering the call in this special issue to spatialise degrowth studies beyond the Global North, this paper examines practices of ‘park-making’ in Chennai and Metro Manila as a potential degrowth pathway. Parks in the coastal mega cities of Metro Manila and Chennai can be seen as relics of a colonial era, and spaces coherent with capitalist, growth-oriented and consumerist logics. At the same time, however, they become spaces that prefigure alternative ways of organising social life in the city based upon values of conviviality, care and sharing. Using qualitative methods of analysis, this paper examines what practices people engage with to satisfy their everyday needs in parks, but also the dynamics of exclusion and contestation that play out in these spaces. In doing so, we evaluate when and under what conditions park-making supports practices of de-growth and commoning beyond consumerist culture. Both commoning and uncommoning practices are detailed, revealing the role of provisioning systems that lead to the satisfaction of needs for some at the expense of others. Further, writing from cities that are highly unequal, and where the basic needs of many are yet to be met, we assert that understanding how degrowth manifests in these contexts can only be revealed through a situated urban political ecology approach. Spatialising degrowth in cities of the Global South should start with a focus on everyday practices, study power relationally and explore the scope for a radical incrementalism.
摘要
为了响应对发达国家以外地区的空间化去增长进行研究的呼吁，本文将金奈和马尼拉大都会的公园建设实践作为一种可能的去增长途径进行了研究。马尼拉大都会和金奈等沿海特大城市的公园可被视为殖民时代的遗迹，是按照资本主义、以增长为导向和消费主义逻辑打造的空间。然而，人们还可以利用其它基于欢乐、关怀和分享价值观的方式来组织城市社会生活，而这些公园就可以提供相应的空间。本文使用定性分析方法，考查了人们在公园中进行哪些实践来满足他们的日常需求，以及在这些空间中发生的排斥和竞争动态。在此过程中，我们评估了公园建设支持超越消费主义文化的去增长和共享实践的时间和条件。我们详细介绍了一些共享和不共享的实践，揭示了供应系统的作用，这些系统会以牺牲一些人的利益为代价来满足另外一些人的需求。此外，基于对高度不平等的城市以及许多人的基本需求尚未得到满足的城市的研究，我们认为，只有通过情境化的城市政治生态学方法才能揭示去增长在这些情境中的表现方式。发展中国家城市的空间化去增长应该从关注日常实践开始，研究相关的权力并探索激进渐进主义的范围。KeywordsChennai, degrowth, everyday life, Metro Manila, parks, urban commons
关键词
金奈（Chennai），去增长，日常生活，马尼拉大都会（Metro Manila），公园，城市共享资源
05
Degrowth is coming to town: What can it learn from critical perspectives on urban transport?
去增长即将到来：它可以从城市交通的批判性视角中学到什么？
AbstractDegrowth offers a particularly trans-disciplinary and robust critique of growth-driven configurations of space, society and economy. However, its proponents are yet to seriously engage with urban environments by clearly outlining how, where, for whom and under what conditions the principles of degrowth could be applied in urban contexts. In this article, I focus on transport as a vehicle for understanding and addressing this challenge, thus contributing to the broader agenda of spatialising and urbanising degrowth. I turn to the specific case of ‘fare-free public transport’ (FFPT), a policy that exists in full form in nearly 300 localities worldwide. By referring to empirical material collected in FFPT programmes in Aubagne (France), Tallinn (Estonia) and Chengdu (China), I show that fare abolition can act as a policy that contradicts many principles of growth-driven capitalism by advancing an agenda of inter- and intra-municipal solidarity, working towards socio-spatial justice. Consequently, I demonstrate that when analysing and planning urban transport, degrowth may well build on diverse ‘critical’ perspectives on transport to engage head-on with explicitly political–economic questions underpinning urban agendas, thus avoiding joining the glossary of de-politicised and technocratic notions, and disregarding the socio-economic, political and spatial complexity of the urban. In this way, the article contributes to ongoing reflections about the role of urbanisation in the degrowth debate.
摘要
去增长对以增长为驱动的空间、社会和经济配置提出了跨学科的、有力的批评。然而，去增长的倡导者尚未认真地参与城市环境治理，他们没有明确提出如何、在何处、为谁以及在什么条件下将去增长原则应用于城市情境。在这篇论文中，我们重点关注交通，将其作为理解和应对这一挑战的工具，从而为更广泛的空间化和城市化去增长议程做出贡献。我们将“免费公共交通”(FFPT) 作为具体案例。全球有近 300 个地区发布了完整的免费公共交通政策。我们收集了欧巴涅（法国）、塔林（爱沙尼亚）和成都（中国）的 FFPT 计划相关的实证材料，这些材料表明取消交通费可推进各地区之间和地区内团结议程，是一项与许多以增长为驱动的资本主义原则相矛盾的政策，有助于实现社会空间正义。因此，我们证明，在分析和规划城市交通时，去增长也许要基于关于交通的不同批判性观点，直面构成城市议程基础的明确的政治经济问题，从而避免成为去政治化和技术官僚主义的概念，忽视了城市的社会经济、政治和空间复杂性。通过这种方式，本文有助于持续反思城市化在去增长争论中所处的角色。
degrowth, fare-free public transport, mobility, transport, urban policy
去增长，免费公共交通，流动性，交通，城市政策
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